We can use the present simple of the verb to be to talk about situations and states in the present.

We use the present simple to talk about things which are repeated every day, every week, every year, etc. 

We can use present continuous to talk about temporary things which have begun but haven't finished. They are often happening now, at this moment. 

We can use the past simple of the verb to be to talk about situations and states in the past. 

The past simple is the most common way of talking about past events or states which have finished. It is often used with past time references. 

The past continuous tense is used to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.  

We use going to to talk about plans decided before the moment of speaking. 

We can use will to make predictions about the future. 

We often use the present perfect to say what we've done in an unfinished time period, such as today, this week, this year, etc. 

We can use the past perfect to show the order of two past events. The past perfect shows the earlier action and the past simple shows the later action. 

We use conditionals to describe the result of a condition. Often, we use if to introduce the condition, and the main clause to give the result.

The comparatives are used to compare two things, while superlatives are used to say which thing is the best in a group. 

They can be used to show relationships in time, place, or possession. 

Phrasal verbs are very common in English, especially in more informal contexts. They are made up of a verb and a particle or, sometimes, two particles.